"Where Adventure Begins"

Canyonlands National Park

Moab, Utah, the largest community in eastern Utah, may be only an hour from Naturita, but it sure does not feel like that. Between Canyonlands and Arches National Parks, Moab is known for outdoor recreation, not mineral extraction.

Arches National Park

It wasn't always that way, though. During the early 1950s, just as the nuclear arms race was beginning to heat up, Moab, a sleepy farming town became, quite literally overnight, one of the Uranium Capitals of the World. Prospectors flooded in from the east, holding a Geiger counter in one hand and a small informational booklet from the Atomic Energy Commission on how to find uranium in the other. Moab was, just as it is today, a place "Where Adventure Begins."

Charlie Steen

To meet the demand of all these prospectors (as well as the enormous amount of uranium he was extracting from his own mine), Charlie Steen, the man who turned Moab into a Uranium Captial of the World, worked with the Atomic Energy Commission to build a uranium mill outside of town on the banks of the Colorado River. That mill, closed 1984, is now at the center of a decades long effort to clean up the byproduct material, or tailings, from the uranium mill's operations.

URECO Mill in Moab, Utah (Taken in 1988)

EnergySolutions, a Salt Lake City based company involved in both the cleanup and disposal of radioactive materials is responsible for this project. Here is a video from EnergySolutions documenting what they, as of 2010, have done in terms of removing the mill tailings from along the Colorado River. It's a fairly comprehensive, albeit biased, account of their part in the Department of Energy's effort to finish cleaning up the Moab area.

That and the music is catchy.

Even if it is completely inappropriate for the setting.

Rock Steady

How does water connect permafrost in Siberia, an arid town in eastern Utah, and nuclear power?

Climate Change! (cue conspiracy movie music)

Now, before you start envisioning me as a David Duchovny-esque character, let me explain:

Way back in 2001, when I still had all the lyrics to Sting’s Nothing Like The Sun album committed to memory (yes, I had strange music tastes when I was younger), Three researchers with the University of Delaware’s Permafrost Research Group, Frederick Nelson, Oleg Anisimov, and Nikolay Shiklomanov, decided to compile a set of maps on permafrost and climate change. Permafrost is, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), “permanently frozen ground." This ground, typically some distance below the surface has been frozen for potentially thousands of years. 

The distribution of permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere

Nations such as Russia have used permafrost ground as stable earth for building towns and industrial facilities in Eastern Siberia. In the United States, parts of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline system sit atop permafrost tundra. 

Trans-Alaska Pipeline

In recent decades, the permafrost in many northern locales has begun to melt. Melting permafrost is a serious problem for buildings, roads, etc. because of something earth scientists call subsidence. Think about subsidence like a sinkhole, but over a very large stretch of land. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) has a great page on subsidence and examples of it in our everyday life. For the scientists in this study, the primary issue of concern was what will happen to the land on the coast and in the permafrost regions that are populated.

Subsidence Risk Map from Author's Paper

According to their model, subsidence could cause the coastline along the Arctic Circle to erode, the land underneath pipelines in Russia and Alaska to sink, and cause major damage to buildings and other infrastructure, such as Russia's Bilibino Nuclear Power Station - the northernmost nuclear power plant in the world.

Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant (from PNNL Website)

Here is where the Eastern Utah connection comes in.

Another major effect of temperature rise due to climate change is that water resources will become more scarce then they already are, especially for arid regions of the world. In the American West, water especially that of the Colorado River is already treated as liquid gold. To quote Frank Herbert, “Water is Life,” and people in the American West know it. 

The Green River in Eastern Utah

Along the Green River in Utah, a “energy infrastructure company” named Blue Castle Holdings is attempting to build the first ever commercial nuclear power plant in the state of Utah:

To accomplish this, Blue Castle needs a large amount of water to cool the non-radioactive systems in the power plant. Earlier this year, the state of Utah approved the necessary water rights to get the project on its way. Of the 4.4 million acre feet (only 1.4 trillion gallons) of water that flow through the Green River each year, Blue Castle says they only need around 53,000 acre feet to provide cooling to the proposed two-reactor, 3,000 Megawatt, power plant. Nonetheless, environmental and anti-nuclear groups in Utah oppose the project, citing that the state neither wants nor needs a nuclear energy plant that will draw precious water from a major tributary of the Colorado River.

One issue that neither side has brought up is how will climate change impact the availability of water to the power plant and communities downstream of it?  Water rights in the American West are, at best, complex, and the presence of a very large nuclear power plant will only complicate a decades old problem. 

Water Used By Thermoelectric (Coal, Nuclear, etc.) Power Plants Per Day

Supporters of nuclear energy present the technology as a “carbon-free” source of electricity that can help us meet our energy needs and combat climate change. However, the relationship between nuclear power and climate change is paradoxical: nuclear power plants today need lots of water to cool their power producing equipment, but this water is disappearing in arid climates such as Utah because of climate change.